交会相对运动确定的新方法

本文叙述空间交会过程中相对运动参数测定的新算法。在测量目标的相对距离和方向的基础上,借助于追踪航天器上的地球敏感器和太阳敏感器,就能直接确定在目标轨道坐标系中相对运动的参数。为此,测量系统可以不含陀螺惯性平台。     

卫星自主轨道确定的自校准滤波

研究在导航敏感器测量带有系统偏差情况下的卫星自主轨道确定问题,已有的大量研究表明这类系统偏差是影响自主轨道确定系统性能的关键因素.针对这一问题,本文基于线性时变系统的可观性理论证明了系统偏差为未知常值时,自主导航系统的状态和常值偏差都是可观的.在此基础上设计了将系统偏差作为状态向量新增分量的自校准滤波器以估计轨道参数,同时校准系统偏差.数学仿真结果表明,采用自校准滤波可以将自主导航的位置精度从10km（3 σ）量级提高到200-500m（3σ）.     

共置卫星轨道及星间距确定

共置卫星的遥测遥控，离不开对其每一卫星的轨道及星间距的确定。本文通过地面站顺序测量确定和交替测量确定两种方法来完成三颗共置卫星的轨道参数及星间距的确定。     

多星编队相对轨道的自主确定

编队飞行的相对轨道确定具有重要意义。针对编队应用中多颗环绕星相对中心星的自主定轨问题进行了研究，提出引入环绕星间相对测量信息的分布式滤波方案。设计了二级滤波器，利用环绕星间测量信息提高一级滤波得到的环绕星相对轨道的确定精度。仿真结果验证了这种导航方案的有效性。     

压强冲量系数法确定标准发动机燃烧终点

对不同型号的Φ127mm发动机燃烧终点的确定方法进行研究，采用平均压强系数法对上千发不同型号BSF－Φ127mm发动机试验数据进行数理统计，并与以往的数据进行比较，燃烧时间测试误差在0.5%以内，平均压强冲量系数法的准确性可达80％以上。换算到标准压强条件下，平均压强冲量系数法的计算精度优于切线法的计算精度，并作出了计算验证。此方法能应用于各种类型BSF－Φ127mm发动机试验，具有一定的推广价值。     

Galileo real-time orbit determination with multi-frequency raw observations

Real-time GNSS-based applications require corresponding real-time orbit products. While traditional GNSS orbits are generated with the dual-frequency IF (Ionosphere-Free) model, the increase of multi-frequency signal satellites brings new challenges for the data processing. Therefore, real-time orbit determination with the multi-frequency UC (Uncombined) model is introduced in this study considering its flexibility. With the derived mathematical model conforming to IGS (International GNSS Service) dual-frequency clock definition and one-week triple-frequency Galileo observation data from 90 IGS network stations, the convergence and accuracy of real-time orbits is assessed and the characteristics of satellite IFCB (Inter-Frequency Clock Bias) are analyzed. Results indicate that the model differences, including dual-frequency IF model, dual-frequency UC model and triple-frequency UC model, contribute to only cm-level differences with CODE (Center for Orbit Determination in Europe) final orbits after a convergence time of around 12 h. The constellation-mean RMS (Root Mean Square) differences of the converged real-time orbits with the CODE final orbits reaches about 5.0 cm, 7.0 cm and 5.0 cm for the radial, tangential and normal directions. The convergence of satellite IFCB is much faster than that of satellite orbit, which reflects a loose correlation between these two parameters. While the Galileo satellite IFCB are temporally stable, the modeling of satellite IFCB may be unreliable when over constrained and becomes even more unstable with commonly encountered datum changes. In summary, real-time GNSS orbit determination with multi-frequency raw observations is feasible and extendable with proper treatment of IFCB.     

一种基于多普勒频率的恒模信号直接定位方法

相比于传统的差分多普勒(DD)两步定位方法,以Amar和Weiss提出的基于多普勒频率的单步直接定位方法在低信噪比和小样本条件下具有更高的定位精度。在该类新型定位体制的基础上,提出了一种基于多普勒频率的恒模信号直接定位方法。首先,依据最大似然(ML)准则以及恒模信号的恒包络特征,建立相应的直接定位优化模型。然后,根据目标函数的代数特征将全部未知参量分成两组,并提出一种有效的多参量交替迭代算法,用以获得该优化问题的最优数值解。新算法包含了针对这两组未知参量的Newton型迭代公式,用以避免网格搜索,并能实现多维参数的"解耦合"估计。最后,推导出针对恒模信号的目标位置直接估计方差的克拉美罗界(CRB)。数值实验验证了新方法的优越性。     

微小卫星临近操作仅测距初始相对定轨解析方法

针对仅有相对距离测量信息的近圆轨道航天器近程交会问题，首次提出一种基于传感器偏离航天器质心安装杆臂效应的解析初始相对定轨算法，解决了仅测距定轨存在镜像解的模糊性问题。首先给出了仅测距定轨模糊性的数学解释，然后基于Clohessy-Wiltshire动力学模型和传感器偏心安装的杆臂效应推导了仅测距信息情况下的初始相对轨道解析解，并给出系统能够去模糊的传感器安装条件。最后通过无误差仿真验证了所提算法的有效性，通过误差情况下的Monte Carlo仿真分析了算法的定轨性能。仿真结果表明所提算法有效，在满足传感器偏心安装条件下能够实现较为精确的初始相对定轨。     

导航星座整网自主定轨的动力学短弧段伪逆平差法

针对传统静态自由网平差进行自主定轨存在的秩亏问题，提出一种卫星动力学短弧段定轨和自由网伪逆平差理论相结合的自主定轨算法。该算法以导航星座星间链路(ISL)双向测距为基础，利用伪逆平差法，解决整网位置解算起算数据不足带来的秩亏问题；同时，利用轨道动力学建立不同历元之间状态转移关系，解决单历元平差无法对速度分量进行有效估计的问题。仿真结果表明，自主运行90天，平均用户测距精度（URE）小于1 m（2σ），优于导航星座自主运行指标要求，验证了本文算法的有效性。     

A direct position determination method with combined TDOA and FDOA based on particle filter

The localization of a stationary transmitter using moving receivers is considered. The original Direct Position Determination (DPD) methods, with combined Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) and Frequency Difference of Arrival (FDOA), do not perform well under low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and worse still, the computation cost is difficult to accept when the computational capabilities are limited. To get better positioning performance, we present a new DPD algorithm that proves to be more computationally efficient and more precise for weak signals than the conventional approach. The algorithm partitions the signal received with the same receiver into multiple non-overlapping short-time signal segments, and then uses the TDOA, the FDOA and the coherency among the short-time signals to locate the target. The fast maximum likelihood estimation, one iterative method based on particle filter, is designed to solve the problem of high computation load. A secondary but important result is a derivation of closed-form expressions of the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB). The simulation results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper outperforms the traditional DPD algorithms with more accurate results and higher computational efficiency, and especially at low SNR, it is more close to the CRLB.